面向资源受限具身智能的视觉−语言−动作(VLA)模型综述

周毅; 孙煜坤; 石磊; 程玉华; 秦家虎

doi:10.16383/j.aas.c260051

面向资源受限具身智能的视觉−语言−动作(VLA)模型综述

doi: 10.16383/j.aas.c260051 cstr: 32138.14.j.aas.c260051

周毅^1,,
孙煜坤^1,,
石磊^1,,
程玉华^2,,
秦家虎^3,

1.
河南大学人工智能学院郑州 450046
2.
电子科技大学自动化工程学院成都 611731
3.
中国科学技术大学自动化系合肥 230027

基金项目: 河南省重大科技专项(251000220200, 251000210300), 河南省重点研发专项(251111211100, 261111241100)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
周毅：河南大学人工智能学院教授. 2011年获得同济大学博士学位. 主要研究方向为认知计算, 具身智能和智能网联汽车. E-mail: zhouyi@henu.edu.cn

孙煜坤：河南大学人工智能学院硕士研究生. 主要研究方向为具身智能与多智能体系统协同. E-mail: sunyk@henu.edu.cn

石磊：河南大学人工智能学院教授. 2020年获得电子科技大学博士学位. 主要研究方向为无人系统协同定位与控制, 社交网络观点动力学. 本文通信作者. E-mail: shilei910918@126.com

程玉华：电子科技大学自动化工程学院教授. 2007年获得电子科技大学博士学位. 主要研究方向为电子测试技术, 精密无损检测, 故障诊断与健康管理. E-mail: chengyuhua_auto@uestc.edu.cn

秦家虎：中国科学技术大学自动化系教授. 2013年获得澳大利亚国立大学博士学位. 主要研究方向为多智能体系统分布式决策与控制, 信息物理系统安全与控制. E-mail: jhqin@ustc.edu.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-01-20
- 录用日期: 2026-06-15
- 网络出版日期: 2026-07-14

Vision-Language-Action Models for Resource-constrained Embodied Intelligence: A Survey

ZHOU Yi^1
,,
SUN Yu-Kun^1
,,
SHI Lei^1
,,
CHENG Yu-Hua^2
,,
QIN Jia-Hu^3
,

1.
School of Artificial Intelligence, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046
2.
School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731
3.
Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027

Funds: Supported by Science and Technology Major Project of Henan Province (251000220200, 251000210300) and Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province (251111211100, 261111241100)

More Information

Author Bio:
ZHOU Yi　Professor at the School of Artificial Intelligence, Henan University. He received his Ph.D. degree from Tongji University in 2011. His research interests include cognitive computing, embodied intelligence, and intelligent connected vehicles

SUN Yu-Kun　Master student at the School of Artificial Intelligence, Henan University. His research interests include embodied intelligence and multi-agent systems coordination

SHI Lei　Professor at the School of Artificial Intelligence, Henan University. He received his Ph.D. degree from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2020. His research interests include cooperative localization and control of unmanned systems, and opinion dynamics in social networks. Corresponding author of this paper

CHENG Yu-Hua　Professor at the School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He received his Ph.D. degree from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2007. His research interests include electronic testing technology, precision non-destructive testing, fault diagnosis and health management

QIN Jia-Hu　Professor at the Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China. He received his Ph.D. degree from Australian National University in 2013. His research interests include distributed decision and control of multi-agent systems, and security and control of cyber-physical systems

摘要

摘要: 视觉−语言−动作(VLA)模型是实现具身智能的重要技术路径. 针对现有方法普遍依赖大规模数据与高算力平台, 难以适应边缘侧等资源受限场景的瓶颈, 提出覆盖“数据−模型−训练−部署”全周期的优化框架. 在数据层面, 剖析真实采集、仿真生成与视频迁移三类路径的协同优化机制; 在设计层面, 梳理轻量化架构、状态空间模型、分层双系统、条件计算及流匹配等高效模型技术; 在系统层面, 重点探讨输入侧剪枝、模型压缩、动态推理路径及软硬件协同优化等部署加速策略. 最后, 对资源受限VLA模型的未来研究方向与应用前景进行展望.
- 具身智能 /
- 视觉−语言−动作模型 /
- 资源受限 /
- 高效模型设计 /
- 模型部署优化
Abstract: Vision-language-action (VLA) models constitute a fundamental technical pathway toward embodied intelligence. However, existing approaches are hindered by their heavy reliance on large-scale data and high-performance computing platforms, which limits deployment in resource-constrained settings such as edge devices. To address this, we propose a comprehensive optimization framework that spans the entire development cycle: Data, model, training, and deployment. At the data level, we analyze synergistic optimization mechanisms across three primary pathways: Real-world collection, simulation generation, and video transfer; At the design level, we systematically review efficient model techniques including lightweight architectures, state-space models, hierarchical dual systems, conditional computation, and flow matching; At the system level, key deployment acceleration strategies are explored, such as input pruning, model compression, dynamic inference paths, and hardware-software co-optimization. Finally, we discuss future research directions and application prospects for resource-constrained VLA models.
- embodied intelligence /
- vision-language-action models /
- resource-constrained /
- efficient model design /
- model deployment optimization

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图 2 VLA模型训练数据的三类来源及其特性对比

Fig. 2 Comparison of three types of training data sources and their characteristics for VLA models

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图 1 资源受限场景下VLA模型的全周期优化框架

Fig. 1 Full-lifecycle optimization framework for VLA models under resource-constrained settings

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图 3 SmolVLA^[19]开源生态与模型架构, 经许可转载自文献 [19], ©arXiv, 2025

Fig. 3 The open-source ecosystem and model architecture of SmolVLA, reproduced with permission from reference [19], ©arXiv, 2025

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图 4 高效VLA模型的设计与部署优化技术框架

Fig. 4 Technical framework for efficient VLA model design and deployment optimization

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图 5 RoboMamba模型架构与训练流程示意图

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the RoboMamba model architecture and training pipeline

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图 6 三种主流VLA动作生成范式原理对比

Fig. 6 Comparison of three mainstream VLA action generation paradigms

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图 7 基于注意力热力图的视觉Token剪枝与稀疏化推理

Fig. 7 Visual Token pruning and sparse inference based on attention heatmap

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图 8 资源受限下VLA模型的未来研究展望

Fig. 8 Future research prospects for VLA models under resource constraints

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表 1 VLA模型相关综述对比

Table 1 Comparison of VLA model related surveys

综述	年份	研究主题	框架视角	主要贡献
Ma等^[10]	2024	具身智能应用	组件−策略−规划分类	建立了涵盖基础组件、低层控制与高层规划的分类体系
Zhong等^[11]	2025	动作表示机制	动作Token分类	提出VLA模型的动作Token分类框架
Zhang等^[12]	2025	VLA技术演进	历史与范式演化	回顾前VLA时代技术, 梳理三大建模范式
Wang等^[13]	2025	大模型具身智能	四级控制层级	构建需求−任务−规划−动作四级控制框架
Guan等^[8]	2025	高效VLA模型	处理流程视角	从处理流程角度系统分类高效VLA技术
Yu等^[9]	2025	高效VLA模型	数据−模型−训练	构建数据−模型−训练的高效VLA框架
本文	2025	资源受限条件	模型全生命周期	聚焦资源受限条件下的具身智能, 涵盖数据−模型−训练−部署全周期技术体系

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表 2 面向VLA模型训练的代表性数据集总结

Table 2 Summary of representative datasets for VLA model training

分类	数据集	来源	规模	模态	主要特点
真实机器人操作数据	RT-1^[14]	真实	130 K	V、L、A	13台机械臂采集, 覆盖700余项任务
	BridgeData V2^[77]	真实	60 K	V、L、A、D	5万条遥操作, 1万条自动策略轨迹
	Open X-Emb.^[4]	真实	1 M+	V、L、A	21家机构, 22种异构机器人, 统一数据格式
	DROID^[5]	真实	76 K	V、L、A、D	564个开放场景, 分布式遥操作采集
	RH20T^[16]	真实	110 K	V、L、A、T、F、S、D	11维多模态同步, 147项接触密集型任务
	AGIBot World^[21]	真实	1 M+	V、L、A、T	217项任务, 含失败恢复轨迹与子任务标注
	RoboMIND^[78]	真实	107 K	V、L、A、D	4种平台, 479项任务, 含失败轨迹
真实-仿真混合数据	ARIO^[75]	混合	3 M+	V、L、A、T、S	258种机器人, 32万项任务, 统一数据格式
	MimicGen^[30]	混合	50 K+	V、A	200条演示自动扩展至5万条轨迹
	RoboCasa^[32]	仿真	100 K	V、A	大规模厨房场景仿真框架, 基于人工示教生成轨迹
	NVIDIA Physical AI^[79]	混合	320 K	V、L、A、D、P	基于OpenUSD的工业级仿真资产库
	RoboData^[80]	混合	500 K	V、L、A、D、C	整合9个开源数据集, 统一评测接口
人类操作视频数据	Ego4D^[81]	视频	3 670 h	V、L、S、E、I、D、P	74个地点, 3 670 h第一人称视频
	EPIC-K-100^[82]	视频	100 h	V、L、S	厨房场景, 97类动作, 9万个片段
	EgoExo4D^[83]	视频	1 286 h	V、L、E、S	第一/第三人称同步, 8个技能领域
	HOT3D^[84]	视频	13.88 h	V、E、P	多视角3D手物交互标注
	TACO^[85]	视频	2.5 K	V、D、P	2 500条双手工具操作, 高精度3D标注
	HoloAssist^[86]	视频	166 h	V、L、E、I、S	7模态同步, 人机协作场景
	UniHand^[64]	视频	150 M	V、L、A	采用动捕、VR、RGB采集, 涵盖超过1.5亿运动指令对
专项任务数据	LIBERO^[76]	仿真	6.5 K	V、L、A	程序化生成机器人操作任务, 提供遥操作示教
	REASSEMBLE^[24]	真实	4.5 K	V、L、A、F、S、C	涵盖事件相机与力觉采集, 接触密集装配任务
	RoboCerebra^[23]	仿真	1 K	V、L、A、D	平均2 972步超长轨迹, 规划能力评测
	BRMData^[87]	真实	约500	V、A、D	双臂移动平台, 10个家居场景任务
注: V = 视觉, L = 语言, A = 动作, D = 深度, T = 触觉, F = 力觉, S = 音频, E = 眼动, I = IMU, C = 事件相机, P = 3D姿态/点云; 机器人数据多以轨　迹/样本数计, 人类操作视频数据多以时长计, 部分数据集以序列数或样本数计.

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表 3 主流VLA模型关键指标对比

Table 3 Comparison of key metrics for mainstream VLA models

模型	参数量	主要训练数据规模	训练开销		推理性能
模型	参数量	主要训练数据规模	训练耗时	步数/Epoch	频率(Hz)	推理平台
RT-1^[14]	35.00 M	13万条机器人轨迹	—	20万步	3	TPU v4
RT-2^[92]	55.00 B	10亿对图文与机器人数据	—	8万步	1 ~ 3	TPU v5
Octo^[93]	93.00 M	80万条混合轨迹	0.3万TPU h	30万步	30	RTX 4090
OpenVLA^[94]	7.00 B	97万条机器人轨迹	2.15万A100 h	27轮次^d	6	RTX 4090
$ \pi_0 $^[95]	3.30 B	1万小时以上机器人数据	—	70万步	$ \leq $50	RTX 4090
GR00T N1^[96]	2.20 B	5.9亿帧多源混合数据	5万H100 h	20万步^a	10/120^b	L40
GraspVLA^[40]	1.80 B	10亿帧合成抓取数据	—	12万步	5	L40s
RoboMamba^[97]	3.20 B	31万对图文与机器人数据	—	5万步	9	A100
UniVLA^[42]	8.50 B	62.2万条多源视频	960 A100 h	2万余步	10	RTX 4090
SmolVLA^[19]	0.45 B	2.3万条开源轨迹	3万GPU h	20万余步	30	消费级平台
TinyVLA^[90]	1.30 B	500条微调轨迹	—	—	71^c	A6000
FLOWER^[98]	0.95 B	25万条混合轨迹	200 H100 h	36万步	311	RTX 4090
注: a代表预训练步数; b代表10 Hz (视觉语言模块)/120 Hz (动作策略模块); c代表原文指出单次推理延迟14 ms, 此处为换算得出的理论频率; d代　表原文明确指出训练轮次为27 Epochs, 未披露具体训练步数. “—”表示数据未披露.

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表 4 典型边缘计算平台硬件规格对比

Table 4 Comparison of hardware specifications of typical edge computing platforms

平台	算力	内存	功耗
NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin	275 TOPS	64 GB	15 ~ 60 W
NVIDIA Jetson Orin NX	100 TOPS	16 GB	10 ~ 25 W
Ascend 310B	20 TOPS	24 GB	8 W
移动端NPU	约35 TOPS	共享内存	5 ~ 15 W
Raspberry Pi 5	无独立NPU	8 GB	约5 W

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