Advances in Biological Flapping-wing Aerodynamic Mechanisms via Flow Field Visualization Techniques
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摘要: 扑翼飞行是生物高效利用流体能量的典型范式. 解析其非定常气动机理高度依赖流场可视化技术的革新. 本文系统梳理基于流场可视化技术的生物扑翼气动机理研究进展, 着重探讨实验技术创新与机理认知深化的互动关系. 通过对比多种流场可视化技术的生物实验适配性, 明确其在捕捉瞬态涡结构和量化三维流场特征方面的效能差异. 重点分析活体生物流场可视化实验的设计要素, 涵盖流场构建、示踪粒子选择及生物行为操纵策略. 此外, 重点归纳昆虫、鸟类与蝙蝠三类典型生物的已有流场可视化成果, 如前缘涡延迟脱落、尾流捕获等普适性非定常气动机理. 对比说明不同生物类群在柔性翼变形调控、涡流—运动耦合等策略上的进化差异. 最后针对性梳理当前研究存在的问题, 并展望结合先进人工智能技术的机理解析及仿生扑翼飞行器工程转化等未来发展方向.Abstract: Flapping-wing flight represents a classic paradigm of how organisms efficiently utilize fluid energy. Analyzing its unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms is highly dependent on innovations in flow field visualization techniques. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in biological flapping-wing aerodynamic mechanisms using flow field visualization techniques, focusing on the interactive relationship between experimental technical innovations and deepened understanding of the underlying mechanisms. By comparing the adaptability of various flow field visualization techniques in biological experiments, the paper clarifies differences in their effectiveness in capturing transient vortex structures and quantifying three-dimensional flow field characteristics. It focuses on the key design elements of in-vivo biological flow field visualization experiments, covering flow field construction, tracer particle selection, and biological behavior manipulation strategies. Additionally, this paper summarizes existing flow field visualization achievements in three typical biological groups: Insects, Birds, and Bats. These studies reveal universal unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms such as delayed leading-edge vortex shedding and wake capture. It also compares and illustrates the evolutionary differences in strategies such as flexible wing deformation regulation and vortex-motion coupling among different biological taxa. Finally, this paper specifically identifies challenges inherent in existing research and outlines future development directions, including the mechanism analysis combined with advanced artificial intelligence techniques and the engineering transformation of bionic flapping-wing aerial vehicle.
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图 1 生物扑翼流场可视化研究发展图
Fig. 1 Development diagram of flow field visualization research for biological flapping wings
图 2 烟流可视化((a) Willmott等[33]对系留烟草天蛾进行烟流实验的示意图, 经许可转载自文献[33], © The Royal Society, 1997; (b) Willmott等[33]得到的系留烟草天蛾不同径向位置下扑翼流场的动态拓扑演化结果, 经许可转载自文献[33], © The Royal Society, 1997; (c) Kim等[36]对安娜蜂鸟进行烟流可视化实验, 经许可转载自文献[36], © The Royal Society, 2014)
Fig. 2 Smoke Flow Visualization ((a) Schematic diagram of the smoke flow experiment on tethered Manduca sexta conducted by Willmott et al.[33], reproduced with permission from reference [33], © The Royal Society, 1997; (b) Dynamic topological evolution results of the flow field around a tethered Manduca sexta wing obtained by Willmott et al.[33] at different radial positions, reproduced with permission from reference [33], © The Royal Society, 1997; (c) Smoke flow visualization experiment on Calypte anna conducted by Kim et al.[36], reproduced with permission from reference [36], © The Royal Society, 2014)
图 3 纹影法, 经许可转载自文献[40], © The Royal Society, 2018 ((a) 多视角纹影法实验示意图; (b) 使用多视角纹影法对自由飞行天蛾周围流场演变的可视化结果)
Fig. 3 Schlieren Imaging, reproduced with permission from reference [40], © The Royal Society, 2018 ((a) Schematic diagram of the multi-view schlieren imaging experiment; (b) Visualization results of flow field evolution around a freely flying hawkmoth using schlieren imaging)
图 4 流场定量重构技术((a) Johansson等[55]采用立体PIV对黑顶林莺的尾流场进行可视化实验的示意图, 经许可转载自文献[55], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2009; (b) Johansson等[55]得到的黑顶林莺不同扑翼阶段测量平面内的三维速度场结果, 经许可转载自文献[55], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2009; (c) Johansson等[55]利用多平面数据的时间映射进行黑顶林莺尾流场三维重建的结果, 经许可转载自文献[55], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2009; (d) Henningsson等[22]采用大体积层析PIV可视化沙漠蝗虫尾流场的实验示意图, 经许可转载自文献[22], © The Royal Society, 2015; (e) Henningsson等[22]利用Tomo-PIV获得的沙漠蝗虫空间瞬时尾流场, 经许可转载自文献[22], © The Royal Society, 2015) )
Fig. 4 Flow field quantitative reconstruction techniques ((a) Schematic diagram of the stereoscopic PIV experiment conducted by Johansson et al.[55] to visualize the wake flow field of a blackcap warbler, reproduced with permission from reference [55], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2009; (b) Three-dimensional velocity field results obtained by Johansson et al.[55] in the measurement plane during different flapping-wing phases of the blackcap warbler, reproduced with permission from reference [55], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2009; (c) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the blackcap warbler' s wake flow field by Johansson et al. [55] using temporal mapping of multi-plane data, reproduced with permission from reference [55], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2009; (d) Schematic diagram of the large-volume Tomo-PIV experiment performed by Henningsson et al.[22] to visualize the wake flow field of a desert locust, reproduced with permission from reference [22], © The Royal Society, 2015; (e) Spatially instantaneous wake flow field of the desert locust obtained by Henningsson et al.[22] using Tomo-PIV, reproduced with permission from reference [22], © The Royal Society, 2015)
图 5 蝴蝶飞行流场可视化((a) Brodsky[75]对在风洞中系留飞行的孔雀蝶进行烟流可视化实验的示意图, 经许可转载自文献[75], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 1991; (b) Brodsky[75]获得的单个扑动周期内不同时刻的流场可视化实验结果, 经许可转载自文献[75], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 1991; (c) Johansson等[77]获得的银纹豹蛱蝶上拍尾流可视化结果, 经许可转载自文献[77], © The Royal Society, 2021; (d) Johansson等[77]拍摄的自由飞行的银纹豹蛱蝶在上拍后期的图像序列, 经许可转载自文献[77], © The Royal Society, 2021)
Fig. 5 Visualization of butterfly flight flow field ((a) Schematic diagram of the smoke flow visualization experiment on tethered peacock butterflies flying in a wind tunnel conducted by Brodsky[75], reproduced with permission from reference [75], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 1991; (b) Experimental results of flow field visualization at different moments within a single flapping cycle obtained by Brodsky[75], reproduced with permission from reference [75], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 1991; (c) Upstroke wake visualization results of Argynnis paphia by Johansson et al.[77], reproduced with permission from reference [77], © The Royal Society, 2021; (d) Image sequence of a freely flying Argynnis paphia during the late upstroke phase captured by Johansson et al.[77], reproduced with permission from reference [77], © The Royal Society, 2021)
图 6 Bomphrey等[82]对多种蜻蜓和豆娘进行立体PIV实验, 经许可转载自文献[82], © The Royal Society, 2016 ((a)六种实验对象的时间分辨尾流流场; (b)根据PIV结果得到的展向效率(黑色)与重量支撑(灰色)的时间序列)
Fig. 6 Stereoscopic PIV experiments on various dragonflies and damselflies conducted by Bomphrey et al.[82], reproduced with permission from reference [82], © The Royal Society, 2016 ((a) Time-resolved wake flow fields of six experimental species; (b) Time series of span efficiency (black) and weight support (grey) derived from PIV results)
图 7 结合活体飞行观测的高频扑翼昆虫流场可视化研究流程((a)Bomphrey等[85]针对库蚊的生物活体PIV实验与CFD仿真交叉验证研究流程; (b)Poelma等[86]和Fry等[87]基于动态缩放扑翼模型对果蝇悬停飞行进行流场可视化的研究流程)
Fig. 7 Research process for flow field visualization of high-frequency flapping-wing insects incorporating in vivo flight observation (a)Cross-validation research process between biological in vivo PIV experiments and CFD simulations on Culex mosquitoes conducted by Bomphrey et al.[85]; (b)Research process of flow field visualization on the hovering flight of fruit flies conducted by Poelma et al.[86] and Fry et al.[87] based on a dynamically scaled flapping-wing model
图 8 鸟类流场可视化实验((a)Henningsson等[45]重建雨燕在单个扑动周期内沿不同翼展位置的涡旋尾流, 经许可转载自文献[45], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2008; (b)Usherwood等[65]采用PTV对鸟类飞行时尾部的气动功能进行研究, 经许可转载自文献[65], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2020; (c)Kim等[36]采用平面PIV对悬停安娜蜂鸟的地面效应进行分析, 经许可转载自文献[36], © The Royal Society, 2014))
Fig. 8 Flow field visualization experiments on birds ((a)Henningsson et al.[45] reconstructed the vortex wake of swifts across different wing span locations during a single flapping cycle, reproduced with permission from reference [45], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2008; (b)Usherwood et al.[65]used PTV to study the aerodynamic function of the tail during avian flight, reproduced with permission from reference [65], © COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2020; (c)Ground effect analysis during hovering of Calypte anna using planar PIV by Kim et al.[36], reproduced with permission from reference [36], © The Royal Society, 2014)
图 9 蝙蝠飞行流场可视化((a)Hedenström等[104]利用立体PIV获得的索氏长舌蝠在不同飞行速度下产生的涡旋尾流可视化结果, 经许可转载自文献[104], © AAAS, 2007; (b)Hubel等[106]对比穴居鼠耳蝠和巴西穴居鼠耳蝠在低速和高速下的尾流重建结果, 经许可转载自文献[106], © The Royal Society, 2016)
Fig. 9 Visualization of bat flight flow fields ((a) Hedenström et al.[104] used stereoscopic PIV to visualize the vortex wake generated by Glossophaga soricina across different flight speeds, reproduced with permission from reference [104], © AAAS, 2007; (b) Hubel et al.[106] compared the wake reconstruction results of Myotis velifer and Tadarida brasiliensis at low and high speeds, reproduced with permission from reference [106], © The Royal Society, 2016)
图 10 基于流场可视化技术的生物扑翼气动机理研究现有问题分析与未来研究方向展望
Fig. 10 Analysis of current challenges and prospect of future research directions in biological flapping-wing aerodynamic mechanisms based on flow field visualization techniques
表 1 常用的生物扑翼流场可视化技术综合对比
Table 1 Comprehensive comparison for commonly used biological flapping-wing flow field visualization techniques
技术名称 空间分辨率(ms) 时间分辨率(ms) 常用生物翼展(mm) 测量维度 光源 示踪粒子 烟流法 1 ~ 2 20 ~ 70 定性分析 卤素灯等光源 烟雾 纹影成像法 0.1 ~ 1 10 ~ 50 定性分析 LED光 无需示踪粒子 平面PIV 0.03 ~ 10 0.025 ~ 7 1.7 ~ 600 2D-2C 平面脉冲激光 中密度低粒径油雾 立体PIV 0.03 ~ 10 0.025 ~ 7 1.7 ~ 600 2D-3C 平面脉冲激光 中高密度低粒径油雾 Tomo-PIV 1 ~ 2.5 1 ~ 200 60 ~ 120 3D-3C 立体脉冲激光 低密度低粒径油雾 SA-PIV 8 ~ 11 1 ~ 4 60 ~ 300 3D-3C 立体脉冲激光 高密度空心聚合物微球 PTV 0.1 ~ 1 0.2 ~ 1.5 10 ~ 800 3D-3C 立体脉冲激光 极低密度氦气肥皂泡 注: 表中数据均为现有研究的典型值 
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